The 4th dimension in the meaning of "Time" as frequently discussed in relation with poorly defined science is non-existing. As a mathematical theory it surely is of great interest for many different physical and analytic purposes however.
Let's say it bluntly; in the view of Principal Force, the 4th dimension and Time as core topics in physics are ghosts of the past.
The thesis will explain that "Time" (and the "4th dimension") at best needs to be considered being derivates from Principal physics.
The concept of a substance (like we perceive substance as humans) like a "mass" that by itself needs to relate to some acceleration to be observed is flawed if one accepts that there are in fact no gravitational forces as suggested by the thesis.
The thesis will try to explain why we are able to observe "mass" in conjunction with acceleration and with respect to inertia or energy as learned from the E=mc2 mass behaviour observed.
If a "particle" can be both a wave or mass (wave-particle duality), shifting its "state", the concept of an actual mass is lost. There cannot be any concrete "substance/mass" if it somehow can disappear momentarily. According to the thesis mass is observed events on a (sub-)atomic level, where some wave interaction is susceptible to respond to "gravity" (actually Principal Force waves) resulting in the observation of a special response to the same. According to the thesis this interaction plays out as a result of the Principal Force and its waves creating this special interaction.
Mass is a social construct as we perceive ourselves as "mass" and everything around us is perceived as something more or less concrete as we can sense it and to some extent move the "mass". What we perceive as mass on any level is a response to mass-acceleration or in fact interaction with the Principal Force according to the thesis.
Recent years of observations indicate that the previously presumed empty space is not empty. Some consider that the empty space is in fact filled with "dark energy" and "dark matter", while some theorize that some kind of magnetism must be out there. In fact, we have known for decades that that the "empty" space is not empty. It's filled with radiation of many different types and wavelengths, like for example; light, gamma, radio, infrared, microwaves and so on.
As gravity cannot explain the forces in play in distant galaxies as the inwards pulling forces are not strong enough according to observations of peripheral planets, physicists and mathematicians have added the dubious concept of dark matter in order to fix this factual problem and obvious flaw in the concept of gravity.
Likewise, the expansion of the universe which clearly should raise (and rightfully also do) substantial concerns within the science community pertaining gravity, have led to the idea of dark energy. The major shortcomings of the concept of gravity are fixed by adding another concept that lacks any merit or proof. In the mind of the author, we are at the very edge of what may be called "science" with such speculative theories.
The Principal Force thesis brings all this together, so let's leave these topics for now.
In sum, science points to the fact that there are more in the open space than a simple void.
According to the theory herein the space is in fact crammed with Principal Force, while there may be other "stuff" out there also.
Phenomena's such as "time", "mass" and "light" are important elements of current science and physics. This may partially be because they all are very important to the everyday life of people, in the sense that we know them intimately.
Science has obviously always tried to answer the questions asked by people in general, and this surely has affected the ability of the science community to be objective and critical to such stuff close to humans and life as such.
As "time", "mass" and "light" are crucial to our lives and society, their importance in physics may have been over-valued compared to their actual importance in core physics.
The thesis will relate to them by perceiving "light as being simply light" as it's one type of radiation/waves among many others and there's very little unique about light waves.
The concept of mass is discussed. Also, the thesis will try to link the concept of "time" to a physical definition as mentioned. This should also enable physicists to better understand the important parameter of time in the new Principal Force physics.